| 铜陵淡水豚自然保护区江豚迁地保护现状与对策 |
| Status and Solution of the Ex-situ Conservation Yangtze Finless Porpoise in Tongling Freshwater Porpoise National Nature Reserve |
| 投稿时间：2009-12-15 修订日期：2009-12-15 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词:江豚 迁地保护 自然保护区 保护对策 |
| 英文关键词:Yangtze finless porpoise Ex-situ conservation Nature reserve Conservation countermeasures |
| 基金项目:国家环保总局自然保护区专项资金（环财发[2000]38号） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 长江江豚（Ｎｅｏｐｈｏｃａｅｎａｐｈｏｃａｅｎｏｉｄｅｓａｓａｅｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ）现存种群数量已经不足１４００头，处于十分濒危的状况。由于长江生态环境在可预见的将来没有好转的迹象，因此，迁地保护被认为是最有希望避免其灭绝的保护策略。２００１年，铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区在半自然夹江水域成功构建了迁地保护江豚繁殖种群，并且２００３年以来共有６头小江豚出生，目前其个体数量为１１头。为加强对该迁地保护种群的有效管理，采取了夹江环境整治、鱼种结构调整和豚类疾病防治等措施，同时还开展了半自然夹江水域的江豚行为学研究。存在的主要问题是：（１）目前建群者为１１个个体，均来自安徽铜陵江段及其繁殖的后代，缺乏与其他江段的江豚进行个体交流，现有迁地保护群体的代表性不够；（２）在夹江中出生的部分个体即将参与繁殖，存在近交衰退的风险；（３）夹江中迁地保护群体非常脆弱，在２００８年初的极端冰冻雨雪灾害条件下，１头即将分娩的母豚死亡；（４）由于受夹江整体环境的限制，迁地保护种群数量的扩大将会面临极大的挑战。针对以上问题，采取以下的保护和管理对策：（１）建议从长江其他江段补充个体到夹江中，或者和其他豚类保护单位进行江豚个体交流，以完善迁地保护群体的代表性；（２）加强对该群体的繁殖管理，防止近交衰退的发生；（３）选择通江河段，建立新的迁地保护基地，以防止极端气候条件的再次发生而导致迁地保护行动的失败。
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| 英文摘要: |
| At present，the population size of Yangtze finless porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides asaeorientalis ) has been less than 1 400 and has become critically endangered. Since the prospect of environmental improvement of the Yangtze River is obscure in the near future，ex-situ conservation has long been considered to be the most promising measure to prevent this animal from extinction. In 2001，a breeding colony was successfully established in the semi-natural water of Tongling Freshwater Porpoise National Nature Reserve. Since 2003，six calves have been born in this area. Until now，the colony size has increased to 11，implying the initial achievement of this practice. To effectively manage the animals，we improved the habitat condition，fish species structure and medical care level. Meantime，a series behavioral research has been carried out. With the practice going further, we found problems arising as follow: First，all the present individuals were captured from the Tongling section of the Yangtze River or their offspring. Hence，their interaction with the counterparts from other waters is absent. In addition，this colony is not representative of the whole population. Second，the offspring is near reproduction，so that inbreeding depression risk will appear. Third，the self-sustainment of the colony is weak. For example，a female near parturition died from the severe ice-snowy disaster in early 2008. Forth，confined by the reality around the water，it's of great challenge to enlarge the colony size. Correspondingly，our solutions are: First，introduce the individuals from other Yangtze River sections into this water, or exchange animals with other facilities to improve the representation of the colony. Second，manage the reproduction intensively to prevent the inbreeding problem. Third，select the branch of the Yangtze River to establish new ex-situ reserve，so that influence of severe weather on the conservation effort can be reduced.
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| 蒋文华,黄立新,于道平.2010.铜陵淡水豚自然保护区江豚迁地保护现状与对策[J].水生态学杂志,31(3):109-112. |
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