| 澜沧江流域鱼类栖息地保护实践 |
| Fish Habitat Conservation in the Lancang River Basin |
| 投稿时间：2015-11-04 修订日期：2015-11-04 |
| DOI：10.15928/j.1674-3075.2015.06.013 |
| 中文关键词:鱼类 栖息地保护 水电工程 澜沧江 |
| 英文关键词:fishery habitat conservation hydropower project Lancang River |
| 基金项目: |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 现阶段我国已建、在建水电工程主要采用过鱼、鱼类增殖放流作为主要的鱼类保护措施，栖息地保护方面开展了一定的工作，介绍澜沧江水电开发过程中鱼类栖息地保护实践，为加强鱼类资源保护的适应性管理，以及后续栖息地设计、建设、管理工作提供经验. 澜沧江流域功果桥以上江段以高原区系的鱼类为主，功果桥以下江段东洋鱼类区系鱼类逐渐增多。从流域层面进行栖息地保护规划，需要在上游建立高原鱼类栖息地保护水域和在下游建立东洋鱼类栖息地保护水域。干流在侧格、约龙、班达、如美库尾及卡贡河段保留了流水江段，乌弄龙至古水间保留了51.9km的流水江段，托巴至里底梯级之间保留了约26km的干流为流水江段，橄榄坝到南腊河出境口段也保留了流水江段；支流拟定大桥河、永春河、基独河、德庆河、罗闸河、右支小黑江、左支小黑河为栖息地保护河段。橄榄坝至南腊河河口段的干支流均维持了较好的自然生境， 2012年对补远江进行的2次鱼类调查共调查到鱼类25种， 2014年已达37种；基独河电站拆除前该河仅有少数鮡科和鳅科鱼类，电站拆除后监测到鮡科、鳅科和鲤科等鱼类16种；资助成立了澜沧江下游河段鱼类保护管理所，在澜沧江下游主要鱼类栖息地设置保护标识牌，开展鱼类保护日常巡查及栖息地环境调查，并进行鱼类保护法律法规宣传。鱼类栖息地保护工作应进一步加强引导，提高各方开展栖息地保护的意识和积极性，开展鱼类、环境等长期监测工作。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Habitat conservation is the most important means of mitigating the impacts of hydropower development on fish resources. An overview of the protection scheme and practices, and the resulting effects on the Lancang River basin fishery, is given here to support the adaptive management of fish resources and habitat necessary for sustainable hydropower development. The Lancang (Mekong) River is an international river, originating in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai Province and flowing through Qinghai, Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) and Yunnan in China, with the total length of 2153 km and fall of 4583 m. The Lancang River represents a tremendous source of hydropower and a development scheme for 18 cascaded hydropower stations on the main stem of Lancang River has been established by Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Co., Ltd. Fish resource conservation will be implemented simultaneously with the hydropower development, following standards set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and characteristics of the fish resource. Above Gongguoqiao, in the Kagong section of the Lancang River, the habitat is high plateau and the fish are primary plateau species. Below Gongguoqiao, the fish species are primary oriental region fish fauna, especially below Jinghong. Thus, habitat protection for plateau fish must be accomplished in the upper river, while habitat protection for oriental region fish fauna is necessary in the lower river. The Kagong section was selected as plateau habitat. The section between Yuelong and Banda connects the Banda reservoir area and includes two tributaries (Sequ and Maiqu Rivers). This complex ecosystem provides habitat conditions necessary for the entire life history of plateau fish. Habitat protection downstream includes the Nanban River Rare Fish Reserve, the main stream and tributaries below the Nanban River estuary and the Nan’a River that maintain good habitat connectivity with the Mekong River. Currently, the Cege, Yuelong and Banda Rivers, along with the lower reach of Rumei Reservoir and the Kagong section maintain flow in the Lancang River. Water flow is also maintained for 51.9 km between Wunonglong and Gushui, 26 km between Tuoba and Didi, and in the section between Ganlan Dam and Nanna River. In addition to protecting the area along the main stem, 545.5 km of tributary habitat will be protected, including the Sequ, Maiqu, Daqiaohe, Yongchunhe, Jiduhe, Deqinghe, Luozhahe, Xiaoheijiang, Weiyuanjiang, Buyunajiang and Nan’ahe Rivers. A total of 25 fish species were observed in the Buyuan River in 2012 and the total increased to 37 species in 2014. The number of fish and fish species both increased significantly in Jiduhe River after deconstruction of several small hydropower dams and native fish species included 76% of the native species found in the Lancang River. Other conservation strategies were also implemented: Establishment of the fishery protection management bureau for fish resources in the lower Lancang River; routine inspection of fish protection measures; investigation of habitat; and enhanced laws, regulations and propaganda for fishery resource protection. Based on existing conditions, continued work on habitat conservation is recommended and suggestions include promoting fish habitat conservation awareness among managers and the public and long-term monitoring of fish resources and environmental quality. |
| 黄光明,王海龙,王伟营,陈豪,丁诚志,熊合勇,李坤.2015.澜沧江流域鱼类栖息地保护实践[J].水生态学杂志,36(6):86-92. |
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